Journal Press India^®

Author Details ( * ) denotes Corresponding author

Over the last 50 years, there is a colossal climb in the world’s population and economic growth which is an indication of persistent demand for natural resources to uplift the standard of living of millions of people. The ongoing linear economic model is driven by “take, make, use and dispose” of resources is increasing gap in demand and supply curve of natural resources and waste assimilation challenges which leads to loss of biodiversity. The current scenario requires a closed economy, which is a restorative and zero-waste economic model in which resources are used to the highest utility. The paper attempts to understand the need, origin, concept and the business models of circular economy. The study analysis the relevance of circular economy initiatives to achieve sustainable development goals. Finally, explores the circularity initiatives taken by different countries with special reference to India to achieve resource efficiency and waste minimisation.

Keywords

Linear economy; Circular economy; Resource efficiency; Waste management; Sustainable development goals; India.

1. Arora, N., Bhattacharjya, S., Goel, A., Gulati, P., Bhavnani, C., Sharma, A., & Shekhar, H. (2018). Circular Economy: A Business Imperative for India. Retrieved from http://wsds.teriin.org/2018/files/teri-yesbank-circular-economy-report.pdf
2. Ausubel, J. (1994). Directions for environmental technologies. Technology in Society, 16(2), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-791X(94)90026-4.
3. Banaitė, D. (2016). Towards circular economy: Analysis of indicators in the context of sustainable development. Sustainable Transformations in Contemporary Society, 4, Retrieved from: http://stics.mruni.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/STICS_2016_4_142-150.pdf
4. Benton, D., & Hazell, J. (2015). The circular economy in Japan. The institution of environmental sciences. Retrieved from https://www.the-ies.org/analysis/circular-economy-japan
5. Bocken, N., Pauw, I., Bakker, C., & Grinten, B. (2016). Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 33(5), 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681015.2016.1172124.
6. Boulding, K. (1966). The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. In H. Jarrett, (Ed.), Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy (pp. 3-14). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved from: http://arachnid.biosci.utexas.edu/courses/THOC/ Readings/Boulding_SpaceshipEarth.pdf
7. Braw, E. (2014, October 29). Five countries moving ahead of the pack on circular economy legislation. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/ sustainable-business/2014/oct/29/countries-eu-circular-economy-legislation-denmark-sweden-scotland
8. Bureau of Energy Efficiency. (2006). Bureau of Energy Efficiency- Star Labelling Program. Retrieved from: https://beeindia.gov.in/content/star-labelled-appliances
9. Camacho-Otero, J., Boks, C., & Pettersen, I. (2018). Consumption in the Circular Economy: A literature review. Sustainability, 10(8), 27-58. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082758
10. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade. (2007). National Design Policy. Retrieved from: https://dipp.gov.in/policies/national-design-policy
11. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade. (2011). National Manufacturing Policy. Retrieved from: https://dipp.gov.in/policies-rules-and-acts/policies/national-manufacturing-policy
12. Drljača, M. (2015). The Transition from Linear to Circular Economy (Concept of efficient waste management). Izvor: III. International Conference, Proceedings Book Quality System Condition for Successful Business and Competitiveness, Association for Quality and Standardization of Serbia, Vrnjačka Banja (pp. 35-44). Retrieved from: https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/817939.The_Transition_From_Linear_to_Circular_Economy_Concept_of_Efficient_Waste_Management.pdf
13. DSM. (2020). Resources and Circularity Solutions. Retrieved from: https://www.dsm.com/corporate/solutions/resources-circularity.html
14. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2013). Towards circular economy: Economic and Business Rationale for an accelerated transition. Retrieved from: https://www.ellenmacart hurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/Ellen-Mac ArthurFoundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf
15. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2015). Towards a circular economy: Business rationale for an accelerated transition. Retrieved from: https://www.ellenmacarthur foundation.org/publications/towards-a-circular-economy-business-rationale-for-an-accelerated-transition
16. Esposito, M., Tse, T., & Soufani, K. (2018). Introducing a circular economy: New thinking with new managerial and policy implications. California Management Review, 60(3), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125618764691.
17. European Compost Network. (2018, July 26). France – Roadmap for the circular economy. Retrieved from: https://www.compostnetwork.info/france-roadmap-for-the-circular-economy/
18. FICCI & Accenture. Circular economy symposium. (2018). Accelerating India’s Circular economy: Shift a half-trillion USD opportunity future-proofing growth in a resource-scarce world. Retrieved from: https://ficcices.in/pdf/FICCIAccenture_Cir cular%20Economy%20Report_OptVer.pdf
19. Geng, Y., & Doberstein, B. (2008). Developing the circular economy in China: Challenges and opportunities for achieving ‘leapfrog development’. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 15(3), 231-239. http://doi.org/10.3843/ SusDev.15.3:6.
20. Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C. & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: The expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jclepro.2015.09.007
21. Global Footprint Network. (n.d.). Ecological footprint. Retrieved from: https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/
22. Guldmann, E. (2016). Best Practice Examples of Circular Business Models. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/deref/ http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.13140% 2FRG.2.2.33980.95360
23. Hardcastle, J. (2016, March 1). Ellen MacArthur foundation launches US circular economy program. Environment + Energy Leader. Retrieved from: https://www.environment alleader.com/2016/03/ellen-macarthur-foundation-launches-us-circular-economy-program/
24. Hennicke, P., & Khosla, A. (2014). Decoupling growth from resource consumption: A transformation strategy with Manifold Socio-Economic Benefits for Indian And Germany. Retrieved from: https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/giz 20162d0387en2dindo2dgerman2ddecoupling2deconomic2dgrowth.pdf
25. Jaganmohan, M. (2020, August 21). Amount of MSW generated in India 2001-2041. Statista. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1009110/india-msw-generation-amount/
26. Kok, L., Wurpel, G. & Ten Wolde, A. (2013). Unleashing the power of the circular economy. Retrieved from: https://www.viawater.nl/files/unleashing_the_power_of_ the_ circular_economy-circle_economy.pdf
27. Kumar, A., Kumar, K., Kaushik, N., Sharma, S., & Mishra, S. (2010). Renewable energy in India: Current status and future potentials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(8), 2434-2442.
28. Kumar, S., & Meena, R.L. (2017). Renewable energy sources - Policies in India. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 12(2), 293-297.
29. Lacy, P., Keeble, J., & McNamara, R. (2014). Circular advantage innovative business models and technologies to create value in a world without limits to growth. Retrieved from:  https://www.accenture.com/t20150523T053139__w__/usen/_acnmedia/ Accenture/ ConversionAssets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Strategy_6/Accenture-Circular Advantage-Innovative-Business-Models-Technologies-Value-Growth.pdf
30. Linnenkoper, K. (2018, May 29). Circular economy index: Germany is number one. Recycling International. Retrieved from: https://recyclinginternational.com/business/ circular-economy-index-germany-is-number-one/15414/
31. McDonough, W. & Braungart, M. (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. New York: North Point Press.
32. Ministry of  Mines. (2011). Sustainable development framework for the mining sector. Retrieved from: https://mines.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Sustainable_Develop ment_ Framework.pdf
33. Ministry of Environment, Forest and climate change, Government of India. (2019). National resource efficiency policy (Draft). Retrieved from: http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/ uploads/2019/07/Draft-National-Resourc.pdf
34. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. (2016). Solid waste management rules 2016. Retrieved from http://bbmp.gov.in/documents/10180/1920333/swm-rules-2016.pdf/27c6b5e4-5265-4aee-bff6-451f28202cc8.
35. Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprise. (2020). National electric mobility mission plan. Retrieved from: https://dhi.nic.in/writereaddata/Content/NEMMP2020.pdf
36. Ministry of Mines. (2019). National Mineral Policy. Retrieved from: https://mines.gov. in/writereaddata/Content/NMP12032019.pdf
37. Morone, P., & Navia, R. (2016). New consumption and production models for a circular economy. Waste Management & Research, 34(6), 489-490.  http://doi.org/10.1177/ 0734242 X16652281.
38. Oberle, B., Bringezu, S., Hatfield-Dodds, S., Hellweg, S., Schandl, H., & Clement, J. (2019). Global resources outlook 2019: Natural resources for the future we want. Retrieved from: https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/global-resources-outlook
39. Ramkumar, S., Kraanen, F., Plomp, R., Edgerton, B., Walrecht, A., Baer, I., & Hirsch, P.  (2018). Linear risks. Retrieved from: https://assets.kpmg/ content/dam/ kpmg/nl/pdf/2018/advisory/linear-risks.pdf.
40. Ranta, V., & Saari, U.A. (2019). Circular economy: Enabling the transition towards sustainable consumption and production. In: W. Filho, A. Azul, L. Brandli, P. Özuyar & T. Wall (Eds.), Responsible Consumption and Production (pp. 1-12). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. Retreived from: http://doi-org-443.webvpn.fjmu.edu.cn/ 10.1007/ 978-3-319-71062-4.
41. Ranta, V., Aarikka-Stenroos, L., & Mäkinen, S. J. (2018). Creating value in the circular economy: A structured multiple-case analysis of business models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 201, 988–1000. Retreived from: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jclepro.2018.08.072
42. Rizos, V., Tuokko, K., & Behrens, A. (2017). The circular economy: A review of definitions, processes and impacts (CEPS Research Report No. 2017/09). Retrieved from: https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/circular-economy-review-definitions-process es-and-impacts/
43. Saroha, M., Garg, D., & Luthra, S. (2018). Key issues and challenges in circular supply chain management implementation- A systematic review. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(9), 91-104.  
44. Schroeder, P., Anggraeni, K., & Weber, U. (2018). The relevance of circular economy practices to the sustainable development goals. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(1), 77-95. Retreived from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12732
45. Sillanpää, M., & Ncibi, C. (2019). The circular economy: Case studies about the transition from the linear economy (1st Ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: Academic Press.
46. State of Green. (2018). Decoupling economic growth from energy consumption. Retrieved from: https://stateofgreen.com/en/the-danish-green-vision/
47. Tukker, A., & Tischner, U. (2006). Product-services as a research field: Past, present and future. Reflections from a decade of research. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(17), 1552–1556. Retreived from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.01.022
48. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2018). Circular economy: The new normal? Retrieved from: https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ presspb2017d10_ en.pdf
49. United Nations Environment Program. (2011). Decoupling natural resource use and environmental impacts from economic growth. Retrieved from: https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/decoupling-natural-resource-use-and environmental-impacts-economic-growth
50. United Nations. (2015). Sustainable development goals. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals
51. Valavanidis, A. (2018). Concept and practice of the circular economy. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326625684_Concept_and_Practice_of_the_Circular_Economy
52. Wautelet, T. (2018). The oncept of circular economy: Its origins and its evolution. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17021.87523. Retrieved from: https://www.research gate.net/publication/322555840_The_Concept_of_Circular_Economy_its_Origins_and_its_Evolution
53. World Economic Forum & Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2017). The new plastics economy: Catalysing action.
54. World Wide Fund for Nature. (2018). Principles for a sustainable blue economy. Retrieved from: https://wwf.panda.org/?247477/Principles-for-a-Sustainable-Blue-Economy.