Journal Press India^®

Author Details ( * ) denotes Corresponding author

Purpose: The present research paper seeks to develop and validate a construct for mapping Competency Development Practices.

Design/Methodology/Approach: Literature was reviewed extensively and six major practices were synthesized. These practices were Training and Development, Competency Analysis, Mentoring, Capability Development, Competency based Assets, and Continuous Capability Development. A questionnaire of 46 items was standardized on a sample of 1068 managers working at different levels in various organizations.

Findings: The 46 item questionnaire was validated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Composite reliability of the practices were Training and Development (0.886); Competency Analysis (0.859); Mentoring (0.832); Competency Based Assets (0.920); Capability Development (0.893), and Continuous Capability Development (0.921). Also, convergent and discriminant validity were established.

Research Limitation/Implication: The present questionnaire is meant to be used for Indian organizations as it is standardized on Indian working population. It can be adapted in different countries.

Practical Implications: The questionnaire can be used to measure Competency Development Practices in the organizations and to ascertain the maturity level of these practices in line with Capability Maturity Model (CMM) framework.

Originality/Value: This study provides a scale to measure Competency Development Practices in organizations which is not available in current relevant literature.

Keywords

Competency Development, Training and Development, Competency Analysis, Mentoring, Capability Development, Competency Based Assets, and Continuous Capability Development.

1. Antonacopoulou, E., & Fitzgerald, L. (1996). Reframing competency in management development. Human Resource Management Journal, 6(1), 27-48.
2. Aned, O. A. M., Zainal, S. R. M., & Alya, O. A. M. (2013). Talent management. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(4), 110-113. 
3. Aquila, A. J., & Rice, C. L. (2017). Compensation as a strategic asset: The new paradigm. New Jersey, US:  John Wiley & Sons. 
4. Arokyamary, R. J., & Ramasesh, C. P. (2013). ICT skills and competencies of engineering college LIS Professionals in Karnataka: A perspective. SRELS Journal of Information Management, 50(2), 209-218.
5. Arthur, M. B., Inkson, K., & Pringle, J. K. (1999). The new careers: Individual action and economic change. London: Sage.
6. Athey, T. R., & Orth, M. (1999). Emerging competency methods for the future. Human Resource Management, 38(3), 215-225.
7. Barnett, R. (1994). The limits of competence: Knowledge, higher education and society. Bristol, Pennsylvania: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press.
8. Barrett, G., & Depinet, R. (1991). A reconsideration of testing for competence rather than for intelligence. American Psychologist, 46(10), 1012-1024.
9. Boak, G. (1991). Developing managerial competencies: The management learning contract approach. London: Pitman.
10. Bergenhenegouwen, G. J., Horn, H. F. K. T., & Mooijman, E. A. M. (1997). Competence development - A challenge for human resources professionals: Core competences of organizations as guidelines for the development of employees. Industrial and Commercial Training, 29(2), 55-62.
11. Boyatzis, R. (1982). The Competent Manager: A model for effective performance. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons. 
12. Burgoyne, J. (1988). Competency Based approaches to Management Development. Lancaster: Center for the study of Management learning.
13. Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
14. Campbell, A., & Luchs, K. S. (1997). Core competency-Based strategy. London: International Thomson Business Press. 
15. Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. London: SAGE Publication.
16. Cooke, F. L., Saini, D. S., & Wang, J. (2014). Talent management in China and India: A comparison of management perceptions and human resource practices. Journal of World Business, 49(2), 225-235.
17. Curtis, B., Hefley, W. E., & Miller, S. A. (1995). Overview of the People Capability Maturity Model. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235200717_Overview_of_the_people_capability_maturity_MODELSM, Accessed on January 20, 2017.
18. Curtis, B., Hefley, W. E., & Miller, S. A. (2001). The People Capability Maturity Model: Guidelines for improving the workforce. New Jersey: Addison-Wesley.
19. Curtis, B., Hefley, W. E., & Miller, S. A. (2009). People Capability Maturity Model (P-CMM) Version 2.0. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Software Engineering Institute.
20. Delamare, L. D. F., & Winterton, J. (2005). What is competence? Human Resource Development International, 8(1), 27-46.
21. Draganidis, F., & Mentzas, G. (2006). Competency based management: A review of systems and approaches. Information Management & Computer Security, 14(1), 51-64.
22. Dulewicz, V. (1989). Assessment centres as the route to competence. Personnel Management , 21(11), 56-59.
23. Dulewicz, V., & Herbert, P. (1992). Personality, competencies, leadership style and managerial effectiveness. Henley Working Paper No.14/92, Henley. 
24. Dwivedula, R., &  Madan, C. (2010). Competency mapping at ‘The Kolkata Glory’. Retrieved from https://www.thecasecentre.org/main/products/view?&id=97607&printversion=1.
25. Farndale, E., Pai, A., Sparrow, P., & Scullion, H. (2014). Balancing individual and organizational goals in global talent management: A mutual-beneût perspective. Journal of World Business, 49(2), 204-214.
26. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
27. Forrier, A., Sels, L., & Stynen, D. (2009). Career mobility at the intersection between agent and structure: A conceptual model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(4), 739-759.
28. Garavan, T. N., Morley, M., Gunnigle, P., & Collins, E. (2001). Human capital accumulation: The role of human resource development. Journal of European Industrial Training, Emerald, 25(2/3/4), 48-68.
29. Glaser, R. (1963). Instructional Technology and the measurement of learning outcomes. American Psychologist, 18, 519-521. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1745-3992.1994.tb00561.x, Accessed on February 13, 2017.
30. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
31. Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. (1990). The Core Competence of the Corporation. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Publishing.
32. Heinsman, H., Hoogh, A. H. B. D., Koopman, P. L., & Muijen, J. J. V. (2006). Competency management: Balancing between commitment and control. Management Revenue, 17(3), 292-306.
33. Hyland, T. (1994). Experiential learning, competence and critical practice in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 19(3), 327-340.
34. Kesharwani, A., Sreeram, A., & Desai, S. (2017). Factors affecting satisfaction and loyalty in online grocery shopping: An integrated model. Journal of Indian Business Research, 9(2), 458-475.
35. Klein, S. B. (2014). Learning: Principles and applications. California: SAGE Publications.
36. Kumar, R., & Arora, R. (2012). Determinants of talent retention in BPO industry. The Indian Journal of Industrial Relation, 48(2), 259-273.
37. Lai, L., & Kapstad, J. C. (2009). Perceived competence mobilization: An explorative study of predictors and impact on turnover intentions. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(9), 1985-1998.
38. Lado, A. A., & Wilson, M. C. (1994). Human resource systems and sustained competitive advantage: A competency-based perspective. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 699-727.
39. Lado, A. A., Boyd, N. G., & Wright, P. (1992). A competency-based model of sustainable competitive advantage: Towards a conceptual Integration. Journal of Management, 18(1), 77-91.
40. Lawler, E. E. (1994). From job-based to competency-based organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(1), 3-15.
41. Lewis, R., & Heckman, R. (2006). Talent management: A critical review. Human Resource Management Review, 16(2), 139-154.
42. Mangham, I. (1986). In search of competence. Journal of General Management, 12(2), 5-12.
43. Mansfield, B. (1993). Competency-based qualification: A response. Journal of European Industrial Training, 17(3), 19-22.
44. Mansfield, R. S. (1996). Building competency models: Approaches for HR professionals. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 35(1), 7-18.
45. McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for “intelligence”. American Psychologist, 28(1), 1-14.
46. McClelland, D. C. (1976). A guide to job competency assessment. Boston, Massachusetts: McBer & Company.
47. McClelland, D. C. (1998). Identifying competencies with behavioral-event interviews. Psychological Science, 9(5), 331-339.
48. McDonnell, A., Lamare, R., Gunnigle, P., & Lavelle, J. (2010). Developing tomorrow’s leaders—Evidence of global talent management in multinational enterprises. Journal of World Business, 45(2), 150-160.
49. Meyers, M., Woerkom V. M., & Dries, N. (2013). Innate or acquired? Theoretical considerations and their implications for talent management. Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), 305-321.
50. Mirji, P. H., & Mane, P. P. (2012). Retaining talent in BPO. Aweshkar Research Journal, 14(2), 64-70.
51. Mishra, S., & Jha, J. T. (2012). Talent acquisition and retention: A study in Indian small and medium enterprises. International Journal of Research in Computer Application & Management, 2(12), 106-110.
52. Nybo, G. (2004). Personnel development for disolving jobs: Towards a competency-based approach. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(3), 549-564.
53. Nyhan, B. (1998). Competence development as a key organisational strategy: Experiences of European companies. Industrial and Commercial Training, 30(7), 267-273.
54. Oladapo, V. (2014). The Impact of talent management on retention. Journal of Business Studies, 5(3), 19-36.
55. Pascale, C. (2013). Competency development best practices- Learn the five best practices to develop  employee competencies. Retrieved from http://www.getadministrate.com/wp-content/uploads/Competency-Development-Best-Practices-Oct-2013-1-.pdf, Accessed on May 13, 2018.
56. Rothwell, W., & Lindholm, J. E. (1999). Competency identification, modeling and assessment in the USA. International Journal of Training and Development, 3(2), 90-105.
57. Rothwell, W., & Wellins, R. (2004). Mapping your future: Putting new competencies to work for you. Training and Development, 58(5), 94-102.
58. Sahu, R. K. (2009): Competency Mapping. New Delhi : Excel Books.
59. Sandberg, J. (2000). Understanding human competence at work: An interpretative approach. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 9-25.
60. Sanghi, S. (2009). Building competencies. Industrial management, 51(3), 14-17.
61. Schermelleh, E. K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. 
62. Schneider, C. G. (2013). If competency is the goal, then students’ own work is the key to reaching it. Liberal Education, 99(4), 2-3.
63. Shahhosseini, V., & Sebt, M. H. (2011). Competency-based selection and assignment of human resources to construction projects. Scientia Iranica, 18(2), 163-180.
64. Shikari, A. (2011). Mapping competencies with assessment centres. Human Capital, 15(7), 32. Retrieved from http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/67630501/mapping-competencies-assessment-centres, Accessed on June 12, 2017.
65. Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at work: Models for superior performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 
66. Succar, B., Sher, W., & Williams, A. (2013). An integrated approach to BIM competency assessment, acquisition and application. Automation in Construction, Science Direct, 35(2013), 174-189.
67. Tampoe, M. (1994). Exploiting the core competencies of your organization. Long Range Planning, 27(4), 66-77.
68. Tymon Jr., W. G., Stumpf, S. A., & Doh, J. P. (2010). Exploring talent management in India: The neglected role of intrinsic rewards.  Journal of World Business, Elsevier, 45(2), 109-121.
69. Trivellas, P., & Drimoussis, C. (2013). Investigating leadership styles, behavioural and managerial competency profiles of successful project managers in Greece. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Elsevier, 73(2013), 692-700.
70. Tucker, S. A., & Cofsky, K. M. (1994). Competency-based pay on a banding platform. ACA Journal, 3(1), 30-45.
71. Tuncq, D. T., & Schmidt, L. (2013). Examining integrated talent management. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/magazines/td-magazine/examining-integrated-talent-managemen, Accessed on April 12, 2017.
72. Van der Heijde, C. M., & Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2006). A competence-based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45(3), 449-476.
73. Vandenberg, R. J. (2006). Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends. Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 194-201. 
74. Vos, A. D., Hauw, S. D., & Willemse, I. (2011). Competency Development in Organizations: Building an Integrative Model through a Qualitative Study. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1023.8472&rep=rep1&type=pdf, Accessed on May 9, 2018.
75. Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8(1), 84-136.
76. Woodruffe, C. (1991). Competent by any other name. Personnel Management, 23(9), 30-33.