Journal Press India^®

Author Details ( * ) denotes Corresponding author

Domestic effluents were collected from the kitchen, bathroom, laundry of students’ hostels and the effluents were bacteriologically analysed. The molecular identity and methicillin-resistant gene assay of selected multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were conducted via 16S rRNA sequencing. Bathroom effluents obtained from Jadesola hostel had the highest staphylococcal count of 38.04±2.31 CFU/100 ml, while Adeniyi hostel had the least at 1.25±0.05 CFU/100 ml. All presumptive Staphylococcus species isolated from the domestic effluents produced a coagulase-positive outcome. The domestic effluents sourced 2 m away from the original source in FUTA hostels had the Staphylococcus aureus percentage occurrence of 15 % (45.76) whilst a low percentage occurrence was recorded in tap water obtained from the hostel locations at 1 % (8.48%). Staphylococcus aureus isolated in effluents from Abiola male hostel and FUTA staff quarters were resistant to oxacillin at 11.50±0.55 and 12.00±0.00 mm respectively. Staphylococcus aureus strain 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 13 and 14 were positive with Mec A gene bands at approximately 300 base pairs. The Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from this study showed phenotypic resistance to oxacillin, a drug proxy of methicillin in Staphylococcal therapy. The unsystematic expulsion of untreated domestic effluents into water channels should be prohibited.

Keywords

Domestic effluents; Staphylococcus Aureus; Resistant Genes; Resistant; Susceptible

1. Thammavongsa, V., Kim, H.K., Missiakas, D., Schneewind, O. (2015). manipulation of host immune responses. Nature reviews in Microbiology 13,529-543.


2. Carfora, V., Giacinti, G., Sagrafoli, D., Marri, N., Giangolini, G., Alba, P., Feltrin, F., Sorbara, L., Amoruso, R., Caprioli, A., Amatiste, S., Battisti, A. (2016). Methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in dairy sheep and in-contact humans: An intra-farm study. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 42514258.


3. Li, T, Lu, H., Wang, X., Gao, Q., Dai, Y., Shang, J., Li, M. (2017). Molecular Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Causing Bovine Mastitis between 2014 and 2015. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 7,127


4. Tong, S.Y., Davis, J.S., Eichenberger, E., Holland, T.L., Fowler, V.G. Jr. (2015). Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 28,603-661.


5. Hiramatsu, K., Katayama, Y., Matsuo, M., Sasaki, T., Morimoto, Y., Sekiguchi, A., Baba, T. (2014). Multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and future chemotherapy. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 20,593-601.


6. Ba, X., Harrison, E.M., Edwards, G.F., Holden, M.T., Larsen, A.R., Petersen, A., Skov, R.L., Peacock, S.J., Parkhill, J., Paterson, G. K., Holmes, M. A. (2014). Novel mutations in penicillin-binding protein genes in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates that are methicillin resistant on susceptibility testing but lack the mec gene. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 69, 594-597.


7. Van Rijen, M.M., Bosch, T., Verkade, E.J., Schouls, L., Kluytmans, J.A., CAM Study Group. (2014). Livestock-associated MRSA carriage in patients without direct contact with livestock. PLoS One 9, e100294.


8. Hiramatsu K, Cui L, Kuroda M, Ito T. The emergence and evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol. 2001;9(10):486–93.


9. Levine AD, Asano T. 2004. Recovering sustainable water from waste water. Environ Sci Technol 38(11):201A–208A.


10. Tonkovic Z, Jeffcoat S. 2002. Wastewater reclamation for use in snow-making within an alpine resort in Australia—resource rather than waste. Water Science and Technology 46(6–7):297–302.


11. Iwane T, Urase T, Yamamoto K. 2001. Possible impact of treated waste water discharge on incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in river water. Water Science and Technology 43(2):91–99.


12. Kumar R, Yadav BR, and Singh RS (2011) Antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity factors in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic Sahiwal cattle. Journal of Biosciences. 36 :175– 188. DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9004-6


13. Said-Salim B, Mathema B, and Kreiswirth BN (2003) Community- acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging pathogen. Infect. Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003 Jun;24(6):451-5. doi: 10.1086/502231.


14. Fawole, M. O. and Oso, B. A. (2004). Characterization of bacteria: Laboratory Manual of Microbiology. 4th Edition, Spectrum Book Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria, 24-33


15. Cheesbrough, M. (2006). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. 2nd Edition., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK., ISBN-13:9781139449298. 50: 165-176


16. [Bayode M. T, Olalemi, A. O, Oladejo B. O. (2021) Multiple antibiotic resistant index and detection of qnrS and qnrB genes in bacterial consortium of urine samples from clinical settings. Euro J Biol Res 11(1):45-56.http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4304311


17. McHugh AJ, Feehily C, Hill C, Cotter PD (2017) Detection and enumeration of spore-forming bacteria in powdered dairy products. Frontier Microbiology 8: 109. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00109


18. Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W. M. and Sherris, J. C. (1966). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by standardized single disc method. America Journal of Clinical Pathogenicity 45:493-496


19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 27th edition. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2017.


20. Vesna, F., Charlene, R. J., Erin, G. F., John, B. B., Lari, M. H. and Patricia, A. (2013). Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Environmental Samples in an Area of Intensive Poultry Production. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 10: 1020-1036.


21. Bunyan IA, Naji SS, Aljodoa HH. Isolation and Identification of Some Bacterial Strains Isolated from Throat Infections in Hilla Province, Iraq. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 2019; 10(6).


22. Abayasekara LM, Perera J, Chandrasekharan V, Gnanam VS, Udunuwara NA, Liyanage DS, Ilango J. Detection of bacterial pathogens from clinical specimens using conventional microbial culture and 16S metagenomics: a comparative study. BMC infectious diseases. 2017; 17(1): 1-11.


23. Abulkasim HM, Shukla GS, Bajaj H. K, Masih H. Study of Erythromycin resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from throat swab culture. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 2017; 11(4): 1891-1897.


24. Shitu, A., Zhu, S., Qi, W., Tadda, M. A., Liu, D., Ye, Z. (2020). Performance of novel sponge biocarrier in MBBR treating re-circulating aquaculture systems wastewater: Microbial community and kinetic study. Journal of Environmental Management, 275, 111264.


25. Oladipo, A. O., Oladipo, O. G. & Bezuidenhout, C. C. (2019). Multidrug resistance traits of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcal species from clinical and environmental sources. J. Water Health 17, 930–943. doi: 10. 2166/wh.2019.177


26. Gómez, P., Lozano, C., Benito, D., Estepa, V., Tenorio, C., Zarazaga, M. & Torres, C. (2016). Characterization of staphylococci in urban wastewater treatment plants in Spain, with detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Journal of Environmental Pollution. 212, 71–76. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol. 2016.01.038


27. Adekanmbi, A. O., Osuzoka, I. A., Aremu, O. O., Olaposi, A. V. (2020). Antibiogram and non-detection of mecA gene in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from a sewage-imparted stream within a University community. MicroMedicine 8(1): 28-37


28. Rose JB, Sun GS, Gerba CP, Sinclair NA. Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in grey-water for various household sources. Water Res. 1991; 25: 37-42


29. Bassey EE, Gwana AM, Buhari BY, Alhaji BM, Abubakar M, Abba MG, et al. Microbial estimation and characterization of wastewater and sludge in Awaka Metropolis, Nigeria. Int J Environ Protect Policy. 2017; 5(6-1): 23-32.


30. Ayandiran TA, Ayandele AA, Dahunsi SO, Ajala OO. Microbial assessment and prevalence of antibiotic resistance in polluted Oluwa River, Nigeria. Egypt Journal of Aquatic Resources. 2014; 40: 291-299.


31. Eze VC, Azubuike ND, Edward KC. Microbiological and organic pollutants characteristics of Enterococcus and Staphylococcus strains against ozone. J Water Health. 2015; 13(4): 1020-1028.


32. Ramessar K, Olaniran AO. Antibiogram and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from treated wastewater effluent and receiving surface water in Durban, South Africa World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 Aug 28;35(9):142. doi: 10.1007/s11274-019-2715-9.


33. Naquin A, Clement J, Sauce M, Grabert R, Sherpa M, Boopathy R. (2014) Presence of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in sewage treatment plant. J Water Sustain. 2014; 4: 227-236.


34. Othman, A. S. (2015). Isolation and microbiological identification of bacterial contaminants in food and household surfaces: How to deal safely. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal, 14(1), 50.


35. Kimang’a, A.N. (2012). Review article situational analysis of antimicrobial drug resistance in Africa: Are we losing Battle? Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 22:135-140


36. Said, M., Abbassi, M.S., Gómez, P., Ruiz-Ripa, L., Sghaier, S., Ibrahim, C., Torres, C. and Hassen, A. (2017). Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wastewater treatment plants in Tunisia: occurrence of human and animal associated lineages. Journal of Water and Health, 15(4): 638-643. Doi:10.2166/wh.2017.258.


37. Goldstein RER, Micallef SA, Gibbs SG, Davis JA, He X, George A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) detected at four U.S. wastewater treatment plants. Environ Health Persp. 2012; 120: 1551-1558.


38. Fagade EO, Ezeamagu OC, Oyelade AA, Ogunjobi AA. Comparative study of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus species isolated from clinical and environmental sample. AU J Tech. 2010; 13(3): 165-169.


39. Azzam, M.I., Ezzat, S. M., Othman, B. A., El-Dougdoug, K. A. Antibiotics resistance phenomenon and virulence ability in bacteria from water environment. Water Sci. (2017), (article-in-press) https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2017.10.001


40. Rosenberg, G.R.E., Micallef, S.A., Gibbs, S.G., Davis, J.A., He, X., George, A., Kleinfelter, L.M., Schreiber, N.A., Mukherjee, S., Sapkota, A., Joseph, S.W., Sapkota, A.R., 2012. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) detected at four U.S. wastewater treatment plants. Environ. Health Perspect. 120 (11), 1551-1558.


41. Schoenfelder, S. M., Dong, Y., Feßler, A. T., Schwarz, S., Schoen, C., Köck, R. & Ziebuhr, W. (2016). Antibiotic resistance profiles of coagulase-negative staphylococci in livestock environments. Vet. Microbiol. 200, 79–87. doi: 10.1016/j. vetmic.2016.04.019


42. Porrero, M. C., Harrison, E. M., Fernández-Garayzábal, J. F., Paterson, G. K., Díez-Guerrier, A., Holmes, M. A. & Domínguez, L. (2014). Detection of mecC-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in river water: a potential role for water in the environmental dissemination. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 6, 705–708. doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12191.



 
43.