Journal Press India^®

Author Details ( * ) denotes Corresponding author

In today’s workplace be it office or home, telephones are indispensable entity, since telecommunication is a crucial and growing part of any work. However, using a traditional telephone handset often involves strenuous movement and unnatural postures such as cradling the handset between neck and shoulder, and having to stretch to reach for things. Research in office workplace ergonomics clearly indicates that use of a classic telephone handset by office workers is a major source of work-related neck and back pain. Spending prolonged periods of time on the telephone can often lead to musculoskeletal disorder like chronic neck, shoulder and upper back pain disorders. While these may seem as unimportant issues but in the long run they can potentially permanent damage to the tendons, muscles, tissues, nerves and supporting structure. Ergonomically poorly designed phone contributes to musculoskeletal symptoms. The paper at hand focuses on regeneration or modification of hand held equipment (in this case: a landline phone’s receiver) using Reverse Engineering. The regeneration is made taking into consideration the Ergonomic factors such as grip comfort and wrist strain due to prolonged usage. The modifications were done so as to incorporate major technological changes, such as converting the obsolete landline phone into a smart landline phone. After making all changes, the new product was manufactured using 3D printing machine ProJet460 installed at JMI, New Delhi. The prototype was then compared to the original model on dimensional accuracy, grip comfort and wrist strain and its advantages, disadvantages and limitations were noted.

Keywords

Quality Function Deployment; Ergonomics; 3D Printing Digitizing; Reverse Engineering

1. Anwer, N. & Mathieu, L. (2016). From reverse engineering to shape engineering in mechanical design. CIRP Annals – Manufacturing Technology.


2. Araki, T. & Hirano, S. (2015). Development of cooperative education and basic engineering education: aided by 3D CAD and 3D RP modelling. IJCAT, 51(1), 80.


3. Bae, S., Yoo, S., & Kim, D. (2012).An Experimental Study for Drawing of Optimal Process Condition in the SLS Process.Journal Of Manufacturing Engineering & Technology, 21(3), 516-524.


4. Barkan, P. &Iansiti, M. (1993). Prototyping: a Tool for Rapid Learning in Product Development. Concurrent Engineering, 1(2), 125-134.


5. Bartolo, P., Almeida, H., &Laoui, T. (2009). Rapid prototyping and manufacturing for tissue engineering scaffolds. IJCAT, 36(1), 1.


6. Black, I. (1990). Back to the future with CAD: its impact on product design and development. Design Studies, 11(4), 207-211.


7. Bradley, C. (1998). The application of reverse engineering in rapid product development. Sensor Review, 18(2), 115-120.


8. Bradley, C. (1998). The application of reverse engineering in rapid product development. Sensor Review, 18(2), 115-120.


9. Brown, P. & Harrington, P. (1994).Defining network capabilities using the voice of the customer.IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. 12(2), 228-233.


10. Chang, D. & Chang, Y. (2002). A Freeform Surface Modelling System Based on Laser Scan Data for Reverse Engineering. The International Journal Of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 20(1), 9-19.


11. Chen, Z., & Chen, Y. (2010).Selection of Build Orientation with Minimum Tensile Strain. Computer-Aided Design And Applications, 7(5), 639-647.


12. Dong, C. (2014).Ceramic Product Design Based on 3D Printing Technology.AMM, 633-634, 351-354.


13. Durupt, A., Remy, S., Ducellier, G., &Pouille, P. (2014).Reverse engineering using a knowledge-based approach.IJPD, 19(1/2/3), 113.


14. Edwards, K. (2002). Rapid manufacturing — the technologies and applications of rapid prototyping and rapid tooling. Materials & Design, 23(3), 347-348.


15. Ergonomics Product Development of Park Bench in CAD Environment. (2016). International Journal Of Automation Technology, 10(2), 153-162.


16. Fu, Z. (2011). The Reverse Engineering and Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing Technology of Parts with Complex Surface.AMM, 121-126, 3371-3375.


17. Gershenson, J. & Stauffer, L. (1999).A Taxonomy for Design Requirements from Corporate Customers. Research in Engineering Design, 11(2), 103-115.


18. Gibson, I. (2005). Rapid Prototyping: a Tool for Product Development. Computer-Aided Design And Applications, 2(6), 785-793.


19. Gowda, R., Udayagiri, C., & Narendra, D. (2014).Studies on the Process Parameters of Rapid Prototyping Technique (Stereolithography) for the Betterment of Part Quality.International Journal Of Manufacturing Engineering, 2014, 1-11


20. Guangchun, W., Huiping, L., Yanjin, G., &Guoqun, Z. (2004).A rapid design and manufacturing system for product development applications.Rapid Prototyping Journal, 10(3), 200-206


21. Harding, J., Popplewell, K., Fung, R., & Omar, A. (2001).An intelligent information framework relating customer requirements and product characteristics.Computers In Industry, 44(1), 51-65.


22. Helge Bøhn, J. (1997). Integrating rapid prototyping into the engineering curriculum ― a case study. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 3(1), 32-37.


23. Huovila, P. &Seren, K. (1998). Customer-oriented Design Methods for Construction Projects. Journal Of Engineering Design, 9(3), 225-238.


24. Jones, T., & Richey, R. (2000). Rapid prototyping methodology in action: A developmental study. ETR&D, 48(2), 63-80


25. Kim, S., Jang, D., Lee, D., & Cho, S. (2000). A methodology of constructing a decision path for IT investment. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(1), 17-38.


26. Krishnamurthy, S., & Zeid, I. (2004). Distributed and intelligent information access in manufacturing enterprises through mobile devices. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 15(2), 175-186.


27. Lee, K. & Woo, H. (1998). Use of reverse engineering method for rapid product development. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 35(1-2), 21-24.


28. Lee, K. & Woo, H. (1998). Use of reverse engineering method for rapid product development. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 35(1-2), 21-24.


29. Lee, K. & Woo, H. (2000). Direct integration of reverse engineering and rapid prototyping. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 38(1), 21-38.


30. Li, L., Schemenauer, N., Peng, X., Zeng, Y., &Gu, P. (2002). A reverse engineering system for rapid manufacturing of complex objects.Robotics And Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 18(1), 53-67.


31. Li, P., & Huang, S. (2014). Application of Rapid Prototyping Technology in Automobile Manufacturing Industry.AMM, 533, 106-110.


32. Liu, J. (2014). Experimental Research on Fabrication Process of Metal Powder for SLS.AMM, 665, 17-20


33. Lixing, Z. (2013). The third industrial revolution and development strategies of China.International Affairs Forum, 4(1), 79-82.


34. Lu, M. (2012).Application of CAD Secondary Development Technology in the 3D Parametric Design of Mechanical Parts.AMM, 246-247, 1251-1254.


35. Matthews, J. (2011). 3D printing breaks out of its mold. Phys.Today, 64(10), 25.


36. Mochizuki, T. (2010).Application of Reverse Engineering to Product Development.AMM, 42, 5-8.


37. MohdHalidi, S., & Abdullah, J. (2012).Moisture and Humidity Effects on the ABS Used in Fused Deposition Modeling Machine.AMR, 576, 641-644.


38. MohdJavaid, Vineetkumar& Abid Haleem. (2015). Product Design and Development using Polyjet Rapid Prototyping Technology.The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education, 5(3), 12-19.


39. Novakova-Marcincinova, L., & Novak-Marcincin, J. (2013). Experimental Testing of Materials Used in Fused Deposition Modeling Rapid Prototyping Technology. AMR, 740, 597-602.


40. Onuh, S., & Hon, K. (1998).Optimising build parameters for improved surface finish in stereolithography. International Journal Of Machine Tools And Manufacture, 38(4), 329-342.


41. Pan, C. &Schleifer, L. (1996).An exploratory study of the relationship between biomechanical factors and right-arm musculoskeletal discomfort and fatigue in a VDT data-entry task.Applied Ergonomics, 27(3), 195-200.


42. Pham, D., &Dimov, S. (2001). Rapid Manufacturing. London: Springer London.


43. Pham, D., & Gault, R. (1998).A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies.International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 38(10-11), 1257-1287.


44. Prasad, B. (1996). Book Reviews : Stereolithography and Other RP&M Technologies from Rapid Prototyping to Rapid Tooling, Edited by Paul F. Jacobs, Ph.D.; Jointly published by Society of Manufacturing Engineers in cooperation with the Rapid Prototyping Association of SME, Dearborn, Michigan and ASME Press, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, New York. Concurrent Engineering, 4(2), 199-199.


45. Prince, J. (2014). 3D Printing: An Industrial Revolution. Journal Of Electronic Resources In Medical Libraries, 11(1), 39-45.


46. Rompas, A., Tsirmpas, C., Papatheodorou, I., Koutsouri, G., &Koutsouris, D. (2013). 3D Printing: Basic Concepts Mathematics and Technologies. International Journal Of Systems Biology And Biomedical Technologies, 2(2), 58-71


47. R. Shetty, R. & GS, T. (2014). Design and Development of Mobile Phone Based Healthcare System for Emergency Situation. International Journal Of Computer Trends And Technology, 12(3), 119-122.


48. Sanjana, N., & Fuller, S. (2004). A fast flexible ink-jet printing method for patterning dissociated neurons in culture. Journal Of Neuroscience Methods, 136(2), 151-163.


49. Shojib Hossain, M., Espalin, D., Ramos, J., Perez, M., & Wicker, R. (2014). Improved Mechanical Properties of Fused Deposition Modeling-Manufactured Parts Through Build Parameter Modifications. Journal Of Manufacturing Science And Engineering, 136(6), 061002.


50. Sokovic, M. &Kopac, J. (2006).RE (reverse engineering) as necessary phase by rapid product development.Journal Of Materials Processing Technology, 175(1-3), 398-403.


51. Tata, K., Fadel, G., Bagchi, A., & Aziz, N. (1998).Efficient slicing for layered manufacturing.Rapid Prototyping Journal, 4(4), 151-167.


52. Taylor, C. (1997). Rover Group’s drive towards extraordinary customer satisfaction.Managing Service Quality, 7(4), 169-174.


53. Temponi, C., Yen, J., & Amos Tiao, W. (1999). House of quality: A fuzzy logic-based requirements analysis. European Journal Of Operational Research, 117(2), 340-354.


54. Tottie, M. & Lager, T. (1995).QFD?linking the customer to the product development process as a part of the TQM concept. R & D Management, 25(3), 257-267.


55. Wei, C., Liu, P., & Chen, C. (2000).An automated system for product specification and design.Assembly Automation, 20(3), 225-233.


56. Xu, G., Yang, G., & Gong, J. (2012).Optimizing Build Parameters for Integral Stereolithography System.AMR, 424-425, 52-55.


57. Yang, Y., Parsaei, H., Leep, H., &Chuengsatiansup, K. (2000).Evaluating ROBOTIC safety using quality function deployment.IJMTM, 1(2/3), 241.


58. Yau, H. (1997). Reverse engineering of engine intake ports by digitization and surface approximation.International Journal Of Machine Tools And Manufacture, 37(6), 855-871.


59. Zhang, Y. (2003). Research into the engineering application of reverse engineering technology.Journal Of Materials Processing Technology, 139(1-3), 472-475.