Journal Press India®

The Female Entrepreneurs’ Attitude Towards Entrepreneurship: How Entrepreneurial Orientation and Desirability Influence Intention of Entrepreneurial Students?

Vol 20 , Issue 2 , July - December 2019 | Pages: 11-24 | Research Paper  

https://doi.org/10.51768/dbr.v20i2.202201902


Author Details ( * ) denotes Corresponding author

1. * Thoudam Prabha Devi, Assistant Professor, College of Business, University of Buraimi, Oman (pema2thungon@gmail.com )
2. Shrikant Krupasindhu Panigrahi, Assistant Professor, College of Business, University of Buraimi, Oman
3. Chinglen Maisnam, Associate Professor, Dept. of Economics, Manipur University, Manipur, India
4. Wafa Al Alyani, Director, Student Affair Dept, University of Buraimi, Oman
5. Ermal Bino, Lecturer, College of Business, University of Buraimi, Oman

Purpose: The present study is an attempt to study the female entrepreneurs’ attitude towards entrepreneurship and measure the impact of entrepreneurial orientation and desirability on the intention of entrepreneurial students.

Design/Methodology/Approach: To test the research framework and hypotheses, female university students in Oman who have undergone with entrepreneurship subject in their syllabus have been considered as the respondents of the study. Data have been collected through structured questionnaire based on five points Likert scale ranging from 1 as (strongly disagree) to 5 as (strongly agree). To ensure the selection of appropriate participants and their intention level, data were collected in Oman and participants were recruited online via Google Docs as per the convenience sampling method to collect primary data. Survey through Google Docs was conducted in period of April 2019 to May 2019, through which 300 questionnaires were sent and 269 sets were returned, out of which 225 responses were found as useful for data analysis.

Findings: Entrepreneurship education plays a significant role for the female students having an inclination to entrepreneurship as their career goal. The study also found that personal attitude and innovativeness come from the entrepreneurial education. Unfortunately, the study found no influence of risk-taking propensity towards intention. This shows that the entrepreneurs are not willing to take risk or are unable to face the loss or worst circumstances if any, from the entrepreneurship ventures they perform.

Research Limitations: The study has several limitations. For instance, it engaged theory of planned behavior to develop the entrepreneurship model. Future there is a need to expand the model by integrating it with other entrepreneurship models. Furthermore, the sample was selected from private universities and colleges in Oman.

Managerial Implications: Practically, it shed light on the willingness of the students and their intention to be an entrepreneur. The study, thus, suggests polishing the students’ entrepreneurship skills, knowledge and competencies to increase their entrepreneurship intention.

Originality/Value: The study highlighted the importance of Theory of Planned Behavior supported by the entrepreneurship orientation model at an individual level.

Keywords

Entrepreneurship Education; Entrepreneurship Desirability; Entrepreneurship Orientation, Entrepreneurship Intention, Oman.

  1. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211. 
  2. Alstete, J. W. (2002). On becoming an entrepreneur: An evolving typology. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 8(4), 222-34.
  3. Anderson, J., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
  4. Anwar, I., & Saleem, I. (2019). Entrepreneurial intention among female university students: A step towards economic inclusion through venture creation. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/PublishedPaper.pdf, Accessed on January 12, 2019.
  5. Anwar, I., & Saleem, I. (2019). Exploring entrepreneurial characteristics among university students: An evidence from India. Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/ 10.1108/APJIE-07-2018-0044/full/pdf?title=exploring-entrepreneurial-characteristics-among-university-students-an-evidence-from-india, Accessed on March 10, 2019.
  6. Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B. (1996). Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin, 120(3), 338-375.
  7. Autio, E., H., Keeley, R., Klofsten, M., G C Parker, G., & Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145-160.
  8. Bacon, D. R., Sauer, P. L., & Young, M. (1995). Composite reliability in structural equations modeling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(3), 394-406.
  9. Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2014). The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: A meta–analytic review. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 38(2), 217-254.
  10. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  11. Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148.
  12. Bazan, C., Shaikh, A., Frederick, S., Amjad, A., Yap, S., Finn, C., & Rayner, J. (2019). Effect of Memorial University’s environment and support system in shaping entrepreneurial intention of students. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22(1), 1-35.
  13. Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. Chicago: University of Chicago press.
  14. Brockhaus, R. H. (1980). Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 509-520.
  15. Brush, C. G., & Cooper, S. Y. (2012). Female entrepreneurship and economic development: An international perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1-2), 1-6.
  16. Bygrave, W. D., & Hofer, C. W. (1991). Theorizing about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 13-22.
  17. Cantillon, R. (1755). Essay on the nature of general commerce. London: Macmllan.
  18. Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of business venturing, 13(4), 295-316.
  19. Cho, Y. H., & Lee, J. H. (2018). Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial education, and performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 124-134.
  20. Cromie, S. (2000). Assessing entrepreneurial inclinations: Some approaches empirical evidence. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 7-30.
  21. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
  22. Datta, U. K. (2018). State-owned fund raising entrepreneurship at local government of Bangladesh for socioeconomic development. Delhi Business Review, 19(1), 1-16.
  23. Entrialgo, M., Fernandez, E., & Vazquez, C. (2000). Characteristics of managers as determinants of entrepreneurial orientation: Some Spanish evidence. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 1(2), 187-205.
  24. Erdem, F. (2001). A cultural approach toward risk taking propensity and tolerance for ambiguity of entrepreneurs. Akdeniz IIBF Dergisi, 2, 43-61.
  25. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191.
  26. Gelderen, V. M., & Jansen, P. (2008). Autonomy as a start-up motive. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(1), 23-32.
  27. Gibb, A. (1993). Small business development in Central and Eastern Europe – Opportunity for a rethink? Journal of Business Venturing, 8(6), 461-86.
  28. Gilad, B. (1982). On encouraging entrepreneurship an interdisciplinary analysis. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 11(1), 132-163.
  29. Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87-98.
  30. Green, R., David, J., Dent, M., & Tyshkovsky, A. (1996). The Russian entrepreneur: A study of psychological characteristics. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 2(1), 49-58.
  31. Guerrero, M., Rialp, J., & Urbano, D. (2008). The impact of desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions: A structural equation model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(1), 35–50.
  32. Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L., Culverhouse, T., & Biddle, S. J. (2003). The processes by which perceived autonomy support in physical education promotes leisure-time physical activity intentions and behavior: A trans-contextual model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 784-795.
  33. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. U.K.: Pearson Education Limited.
  34. Hansemark, O. C. (1998). The effects of an entrepreneurship programme on need for achievement and locus of control of reinforcement. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 4(1), 28-50.
  35. Kautonen, T., Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2015). Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 655-674.
  36. Kazmi, S. Z., & Khan, M. B. (2017). Critical capability concerns of school entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Delhi Business Review, 18(2), 33-43.
  37. Kline, R. B. (2011). Methodology in the Social Sciences. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
  38. Koh, H. C. (1996). Testing hypotheses of entrepreneurial characteristics. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 11(3), 12-25.
  39. Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 47–58.
  40. Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866-885.
  41. Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411-432.
  42. Leone, C., & Burns, J. (2000). The measurement of locus of control: Assessing more than meets the eye? The Journal of Psychology, 134(1), 63-76.
  43. Liñán, F. (2004). Intention-based models of entrepreneurship education. Piccolla Impresa/Small Business, 3(1), 11-35.
  44. Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. 
  45. Littunen, H. (2000). Entrepreneurship and the characteristics of the entrepreneurial personality. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 6(6), 295-309.
  46. Lortie, J., & Castogiovanni, G. (2015). The theory of planned behavior in entrepreneurship research: What we know and future directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 935-957.
  47. Lüthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The ‘making’ of an entrepreneur: Testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. Randd Management, 33(2), 135-147.
  48. Martin, B. C., McNally, J. J., & Kay, M. J. (2013). Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. Journal of business venturing, 28(2), 211-224.
  49. Moore, G. C., & Benbasat, I. (1991). Development of an instrument to measure the perceptions of adopting an information technology innovation. Information Systems Research, 2(3), 173-191.
  50. Nahm, A. Y., Rao, S. S., Solis-Galvan, L. E., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2002). The Q-Sort method: Assessing reliability and construct validity of questionnaire items at a pre-testing stage. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 1(1), 114-125.
  51. Pavlou, P. A., & Fygenson, M. (2006). Understanding and predicting electronic commerce adoption: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. MIS quarterly, 30(1), 115-143.
  52. Peterman, N. E., & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education: Influencing students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2), 129-144. 
  53. Pruett, M., Shinnar, R., Toney, B., Llopis, F., & Fox, J. (2009). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions of university students: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 15(6), 571-594.
  54. Radovic-Markovic, M., Farooq, M. S., & Markovic, D. (2017). Strengthening the resilience of small and medium-sized enterprises. In: Management, Enterprise and Benchmarking in the 21st Century IV. Presented at the Management, Enterprise and Benchmarking in the 21st Century. Óbuda University, Budapest, 345-356.
  55. Rauch, A., & Hulsink, W. (2015). Putting entrepreneurship education where the Intention to Act lies: An investigation into the impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial behavior. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 14(2), 187-204.
  56. Riipinen, M. (1994). Extrinsic occupational needs and the relationship between need for achievement and locus of control. The Journal of Psychology, 128(5), 577-588.
  57. Robinson, P. B., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J. C., & Hunt, H. K. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(4), 13-32.
  58. Roy, R., Akhtar, F., & Das, N. (2017). Entrepreneurial intention among science & technology students in India: Extending the theory of planned behavior. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(4), 1013-1041.
  59. Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The motivation to become an entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 11(1), 42-57.
  60. Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L., & McGee, J. E. (2003). Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 29(3), 379-399.
  61. Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566-591.
  62. Stewart, W. H., Carland, J. C., Carland, J. W., Watson, W. E., & Sweo, R. (2003). Entrepreneurial dispositions and goal orientations: A comparative exploration of United States and Russian entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(1), 27-46.
  63. Stewart, W. H., Watson, W. E., Carland, J. C., & Carland, J. W. (1998). A proclivity for entrepreneurship: A comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(2), 189-214.
  64. Swan, W., Chang-Schneider, C., & McClarity, K. (2007). Do people’s self-views matter? American Psychologist, 62(2), 84-94.
  65. Teoh, H. Y., & Foo, S. L. (1997). Moderating effects of tolerance for ambiguity and risk taking propensity on the role conflict-perceived performance relationship: Evidence from Singaporean entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(1), 67-81.
  66. Thomas, A. S., & Mueller, S. L. (1998). Are entrepreneurs the same across cultures? USASBE conference papers. Retrieved from www.usasbe.org, Accessed on June 10, 2019.
  67. Tkachev, A., & Kolvereid, L. (1999). Self-employment intentions among Russian students. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11(3), 269-280.
  68. Utsch, A., & Rauch, A. (2000). Innovativeness and initiative as mediators between achievement orientation and venture performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 45-62.
  69. Westhead, P., & Solesvik, M. Z. (2016). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: Do female students benefit? International Small Business Journal, 34(8), 979-1003.
  70. Yun, C. (2010). Does entrepreneurship education matter students’ entrepreneurial intention? A Chinese perspective. In The 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (2776-2779). IEEE. Retrieved from https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISE.2010.5689864, Accessed on March 15, 2019. 
  71. Zacharakis, A. (1997). Entrepreneurial entry into foreign markets: A transaction Cost Perspective. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 21(3), 23-40.
Abstract Views: 5
PDF Views: 384

Advanced Search

News/Events

Ramachandran Interna...

Ramachandran International Institute of Management (RIIM), Pune Org...

PCETs Pimpri Chinchw...

PCET's Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering and Research Org...

Institute of Managem...

Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur Organizing International...

GENDER CULTURES: Mul...

IIULM University, Milan, Italy Organizing GENDER CULTURES: Mul...

Dept. of MBA, Karnat...

Department of MBA, KLS, Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi Org...

Indira School of Bus...

Indira School of Mangement Studies PGDM, Pune Organizing Internatio...

Indira Institute of ...

Indira Institute of Management, Pune Organizing International Confe...

D. Y. Patil Internat...

D. Y. Patil International University, Akurdi-Pune Organizing Nation...

ISBM College of Engi...

ISBM College of Engineering, Pune Organizing International Conferen...

Periyar Maniammai In...

Department of Commerce Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science &...

By continuing to use this website, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy.