Journal Press India^®

Author Details ( * ) denotes Corresponding author

Colonial legacies, limited growth of jobs in manufacturing, youth dividend, and the rigid labour structure in India makes it a challenge to add new employment in primary and secondary sectors. Services sector has been a key driver in India’s economic growth and one of the key sub-sectors that has seen growth is the tourism and hospitality industry of India. In first quarter of 2020, tourism sector showed up 8.0% of the total employment generated in the country and employed about 39 million indicating the volume of jobs created in this sector. This paper attempts to explain how diversity could lead to employment creation in the tourism sector in India. A qualitative methodology along with literature review followed by a data-based perspective and backed with a theoretical analysis of the link between Indian diversity and employment generation possibilities in the tourism sector has been attempted.

Keywords

Diversity; Human capital; Plural society; Transactional approach; Tourism employment generation; Tourism competitiveness.

1. Alesina, A., & Ferrara, E. L. (2005). Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 43(3), 762–800. DOI: 10.1257/002205105774431243
2. Bacsi, Z. (2017). Cultural diversity and tourism competitiveness. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325108254.
3. Basu, P. (2004). My own island home: The orkney homecoming. Journal of Material Culture. 9(1), 27-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183504041088
4. Baudrillard (1983). The Ecstacy of Communication. In The Anti-Aesthetic, Hal Foster (ed.), Washington: Bay Press, 126-134.
5. Belloumi, M. (2010). The relationship between tourism receipts, real effective exchange rate and economic growth in Tunisia. International Journal of Tourism Research. 12(5), 550-560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.774
6. Berliant, M. & Fujita, M. (2009). The dynamics of knowledge diversity and economic growth. Southern Economic Journal, 77(4) (April 2011). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23057315?seq=1
7. Beyza, S. (2018). Employment opportunities in cultural and creative industries in Turkey. Journal of Internatıonal Conference On Good Local Governance, Izmir/Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324865628_Employment_ Opportunities _ in_Cultural_and_Creative_Industries_in_Turkey
8. Bouzahzah, M., & Menyari, Y. (2013). International tourism and economic growth: The case of Morocco and Tunisia. Journal of North African Studies. 18(4). DOI: 10.1080/13629387.2013.836321.
9. Brida, J. G., Lanzilotta, B., Lionetti, S., & Risso, W. A. (2010).  The tourism-led-growth hypothesis for Uruguay. Tourism Economics, 16(3), 765-771.
10. Buhalis, D., & Cooper, C. (1998). Competition or co-operation: The needs of small and medium sized tourism enterprises at a destination level. Routledge: London.
11. Burger & Menzel. (2013). Managing across cultures – How to positively impact innovation through diversity. SRH Berlin University of Applied Sciences. Cross-Cultural Conference 2013, 8th May, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria School of Management, Steyr, Proceedings p. 17-26.
12. Burns, P. & Novelli, M. (2008). Tourism development: Growth, myths, and inequalities. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
13. Business Standard (2019, September 4). India ranked 34th on World Travel Tourism Competitiveness Index Report. PTI News.
14. Coles, Tim & Timothy, Dallen J. (2004). Tourism, diasporas and space. London: Routledge. DOI https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203458389
15. Dristakis, N. (2004). Tourism as a long run economic growth factor: An empirical investigation for Greece using causality analysis. Tourism Economics, 10(3), 305-316.
16. Duranton, G., & Puga, D. (2001). Nursery cities: Urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products. American Economic Review, 91. 1454-1477. 10.1257/aer.91.5.1454.
17. Galvagno, M., & Dalli, D. (2014). Theory of value co-creation. A systematic literature review. Managing Service Quality. 24, 643-683. DOI: 10.1108/MSQ-09-2013-0187.
18. Getz, D., & Carlsen, J.  (2000).  Characteristics and goals of family and owner-operated businesses in the rural tourism and hospitality sectors.  Tourism Management, 21(6), 547-560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00004-2
19. Getz, D., & Petersen, T. (2005). Growth and profit-oriented entrepreneurship among family business owners in the tourism and hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24. 219-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2004.06.007
20. Government of India, Economic Survey of India, 2019-20.(2020). Report Summary. Retrieved from https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/economic-survey-2019-20
21. Government of India, Ministry of Tourism (2019) MOSPI. Distribution of employment in the Travel and Tourism sector across India from FY 2014 to 2018.
22. Government of India, Ministry of Tourism, Annual Report. (2019). India tourism statistics. Top five domestic tourism visits. Retrieved from http://tourism.gov.in/sites/ default/files/annualreports/Annual%20Report%20Tourism%202019_20_Final.pdf.
23. Government of India, Ministry of Tourism. (2019). India Tourism Statistics.
24. Hjalager, Anne-Mette. (2002). Repairing innovation defectiveness in tourism. Tourism Management, 23. 465-474. DOI: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00013-4
25. India Brand Equity Foundation. (2019). Trends in direct contribution of travel and tourism to GDP of India. International Tourism Receipts and Total Employment in Tourism.
26. India Brand Equity Foundation.(2021, December 7). Tourism & hospitality industry in India. Retrieved from https://www.ibef.org/industry/tourism-hospitality-india.aspx
27. Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities, New York: Random House, NY.
28. Jacobs, J. (1969). The economy of cities. New York: Random House, NY.
29. Jaganathan, A., & Mohanraj, M. (2016). A study on cultural effects on tourism in India. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3, 1133-1138.
30. Keynes, J. M. (1964). The general theory of employment, interest, and money (1st HB ed). Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. 
31. Khaliq, A.(2019, October 18). Destination weddings or luxury honeymoons? Cost analysis to help you decide. The Economic Times.
32. Kirzner, I. M. (1979). Perception opportunity and profit: Studies in the theory of entrepreneurship. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
33. Kreishan, F. M. M. (2010). Tourism and economic growth: The case of Jordan. European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(2), 229-234.
34. Krishnan, S., & Hatekar, N. (2017). Rise of the new middle class in India and its changing structure. Economic and Political Weekly, 52, 40-48.
35. Lawrence, T., & Phillips, N. (2002). Understanding Cultural Industries. Journal of Management Inquiry. 11(4), 430-441.
36. Lee, N. & Nathan, M. (2011) Does cultural diversity help innovation in cities: evidence from London firms. SERC Discussion Papers (SERCDP0069). Spatial Economics Research Centre (SERC), London School of Economics and Political Sciences, London, UK.
37. Menon, A. G. Krishna. (1993). Case study on the effects of tourism on culture and the environment, India: Jaisalmer, Khajuraho and Goa. Retrieved from unesdoc.unesco.org
38. Mir, L. A. (2015). An economic evaluation of Indian tourism industry. Retrieved from http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-1214/ijsrp-p3692.pdf on 14/3/20.
39. Mitchell, J. & Ashley, C. (2009). Tourism and poverty reduction: Pathways to prosperity. Routledge. 1-157. 10.4324/9781849774635.
40. Niti Ayog. Government of India. (2020). Employment (Vision 2020). Retrieved from https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in
41. OECD. Tourism Trends and Policies (2020). Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/cfe/tourism
42. Puranik, A. (2019, July 30). Travel with a twist: Gen Z give back to the society during a vacation, embrace volunteer tourism. The Economic Times.
     
43. Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 95(5).
44. Samimi, A., & Sadeghi, S. (2011). Tourism and economic growth in developing countries: P-VAR Approach. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 10(1), 28-32.
45. Sharma, R. T. (2013, June 14). On the neo-tourism trail. Business Standard.
46. Statista. (2020). India: Distribution of workforce across economic sectors from 2009 to 2019. The Statistics Portal. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/ 812106/youth-unemployment-rate-in-india/
47. Sundbo, J. (2009). Innovation in the experience economy: A taxonomy of innovation organizations. The Service Industries Journal. 29. 431-455. DOI: 10.1080/02642060802283139.
48. Telfer, D. J., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Tourism and Development in the Developing World. New York: Routledge.
49. The Economic Times (2020). Foreign tourist arrivals in India slowed down in Jan-Oct 2019: Eco Survey. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ industry/services/travel/foreign-tourist-arrivals-in-india-slowed-down-in-jan-oct-2019-ecosurvey/articleshow/73808531.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
50. Tooman, L. Alex (1997). Tourism and development. Journal of Travel Research,35(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759703500305
51. UNCTAD & UNDP. Special Unit for South-South Cooperation. (2008). Creative Economy Report. The challenge of assessing the creative economy: Towards informed policy-making. New York; Geneva: UN, UNDP, UNCTAD.
52. UNCTAD (2004). Report Of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on its Eleventh Session. UNCTAD Geneva.
53. United Kingdom Department for Culture, Media and Sport Annual Report (DCMS).(2001). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ department- for- culture- media-and-sport-annual-report-2001
54. UNWTO (2020). International Tourism Highlights. (2020 Edition). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/
55. Weidenfeld, A. (2018). Tourism diversification and its implications for smart specialisation. Sustainability, 10(2), 319. DOI: 10.3390/su10020319
56. Wickramasinghe, G., & Ihalanayake, R. (2006). The causal relationship between tourism and economic growth in Sri Lanka: Some empirical evidence. Working Paper WP2006.10, School of Allied Economics, Victoria University.
57. World Economic Forum. (various issues). Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI Report).
58. World Travel and Tourism Council. (2019). Economic Impact of Travel & Tourism. Retrieved from www.wttc.org.
59. World Travel and Tourism Council. (2020). India Annual Research. Revenue Share from Tourism in India 2013-2019 by segment.
60. Zappala, G. (2001). From "Charity" to "Social Enterprise": Managing sofits. Australian Journal on Volunteering.